1. Since從句為非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的過去時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，時(shí)間的起點(diǎn)應(yīng)該從從句動(dòng)作完成時(shí)刻算起。

例如：

Things have changed a lot since I wrote to you last time.

自我上次給你寫信之后，情況已發(fā)生了很大的變化。

She has lived with us since she has come here.

自從她來到這里，就一直和我們住在一起。

2. Since從句為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的一般過去時(shí)，表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的結(jié)束。其含義與動(dòng)詞的詞義恰好相反，具有否定意味。

例如：

All has changed since he was at home.

自從他離開家以后，這里的一切都變了。

I haven’t written to her since she lived in London.

自從離開倫敦以來，我還沒有給她寫過信。

He has never been to see me since I was ill.

自從我病愈以來，他一直沒有來看我。

Two years have passed since I last smoked.

我戒煙已經(jīng)兩年了。

但如果since從句是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，則表示動(dòng)作由開始延續(xù)至說話的時(shí)候，具有肯定意味。

例如：

He has never been to see me since I have been ill.

自從我生病以來，他一直沒有來看我。

She has talked little since she has stayed at home.

自從她呆在家里以后，就很少講話。

Since we have owned a car， we have gone camping every year.

自從我們有了汽車后，年年都去野營。

3. 在現(xiàn)代英語中，since從句是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的一般過去時(shí)，有時(shí)候也可以表示肯定意味。此時(shí)，多半用ever來加強(qiáng)since的語義。

例如：

She has known me ever since she was a child.

她從小就認(rèn)識(shí)我了。

I have live here ever since I was born.

我生下來就住在這里。

4. 在it is+時(shí)間+since從句結(jié)構(gòu)中，since從句是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的一般過去時(shí)，含有肯定意味。

例如：

It is three years since her husband left her.

她丈夫離開她已經(jīng)3年了。

It is over sixty years since the People’s Republic of China was established.

中華人民共和國已經(jīng)成立60多年了。

5. 在it is+時(shí)間+since從句結(jié)構(gòu)中，since從句是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的一般過去時(shí)，含有否定的意味。

例如：

It is three years since she stayed here.

她離開這里已經(jīng)3年了。

How long is it since you were a league member?

你有多久了?

6. 在it is+時(shí)間+since從句結(jié)構(gòu)中，since從句是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或過去完成時(shí)，均含有否定意味。

例如：

It is five years since we have seen her.

我們已經(jīng)5年沒有見她了。

It was years since I had seen her.

在那之前，我已經(jīng)有好久沒有見到她了。

It’s been a long time since I’ve seen you.

我已經(jīng)很久沒有見到你了。

另外，①根據(jù)英語慣用法，since從句不可以否定形式出現(xiàn)。

例如：

It is four years since I have smoked a cigarette. 我已經(jīng)4年不抽煙了。

不可說：It is four years since I haven’t smoked a cigarette.

但由于下句中的since不作“自從”解，所以從句可以用否定形式。

例如：

I haven’t been out anywhere since I don’t know how long.

也不知多久了，我哪兒也沒去過。

②Since從句通常不與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的肯定式連用。

例如：

Her mother died when she was a child.

她小時(shí)候母親就去世了。

不可說：Her mother has died since she was a child.

③Since前不可加表示時(shí)間的詞語，但可以與ago連用。

例如：

She has lived with us since her mother died three years ago.

自從她母親3年前去世，她就一直和我們住在一起。

不可說：She has lived with us three years since her mother died.

④在It was five years ago since his father died. 一句中的since用錯(cuò)了，因?yàn)樵诤衋go的時(shí)間范疇里，已經(jīng)有了從過去的一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)以來的時(shí)間，即已有了since的時(shí)間范疇，所以再用since是多余的。

改為：

It was five years ago that his father died.

他父親5年前去世了。

It is five years since his father died.

他父親去世已經(jīng)5年了。

高考英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)匯總

表強(qiáng)調(diào)：

still，indeed，ofcourse，afterall，aboveall，surely，certainly，undoubtedly，inanycase，anyway，infact，especially，obviously，clearly

表比較

like，unlike，similarly，inthesameway，equally，similarto

表對(duì)比

bycontrast，onthecontrary，while.，whereas，ontheotherhand，unlike，instead，but，differentfrom，however，otherwise，yet，theformer…thelatter，once…now，some…other，yearsago…today

表列舉

foronething…andforanother，like

表舉例

Forexample，forinstance，suchas，take…forexample，except[for]

表時(shí)間

Later，next，then，finally，atlast，eventually，meanwhile，fromnowon，fromthenon，atthesametime，forthetimebeing，intheend，immediately，inthemeantime，inthemeanwhile，recently，soon，nowandthen，during，nowadays，since，lately，afterwards，temporarily，earlier，now，afterawhile，when，while，before，after，until，assoonas，then，suddenly，inafewdays，inrecentyears，earlythismorning/year/century，allofsudden，themoment

表順序

First，second，third，firstly，secondly，thirdly，tobeginwith，firstofall，inthefirstplace，last，finally，eventually，intheend，atlast，next，aboveall，firstandmostimportant，meanwhile

表解釋

Inotherwords，infact，asamatteroffact，thatis，thatistosay，namely，

表遞進(jìn)

Whatismore，inaddition，and，alsobesides，too，moreover，furthermore，aswellas，aswell，again，additionally，whatisworse?

表讓步

Although，though，eventhough，afterall，inspiteof，evenif，

表轉(zhuǎn)折

However，ratherthen，insteadof，but，yet，ontheotherhand，unfortunately，despite

表原因

Forthisreason，for，nowthat，thanksto，assince，owingto，because，becauseof，dueto，

表結(jié)果

So，so/such…that，therefore，thus，asaresult，accordingly

表總結(jié)

Onthewhole，inconclusion，inaword，tosumup，inbrief，insummary，toconclude，tosummarize，inshort，ingeneral，generallyspeaking，aboveall，afterall

其他

Mostly，occasionally，naturally，mainly，exactly，commonly，forthispurpose，formostofus，inmanycases，inthiscase.

高考英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)內(nèi)容

難點(diǎn)形成原因:

1. 對(duì)在句中作時(shí)間、條件、原因還是別的狀語不是很清楚。

2.分不清何時(shí)用現(xiàn)在分詞、何時(shí)用過去分詞。

解決辦法：

1.理解分詞作狀語時(shí)可以轉(zhuǎn)換成相應(yīng)的狀語從句。

2.分清何時(shí)用現(xiàn)在分詞、何時(shí)用過去分詞。

用法講解：

1. 分詞或分詞短語作狀語時(shí)，可以表示時(shí)間、原因、讓步、條件，方式或伴隨狀況。通常可轉(zhuǎn)換成相應(yīng)的狀語從句;表示方式或伴隨狀況時(shí)可以轉(zhuǎn)換成并列句或非限制性定語從句。例如：

Put into use in April 2000 (=When it was put into use in April 2000), the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns. 分詞短語作時(shí)間狀語

Blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network (=Because she was blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network), Alice was in low spirits. 分詞短語作原因狀語

Given time (=If he is given time), he’ll make a fist-class tennis player. 分詞短語作條件狀語

We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs, thinking that all children like these things. (= and think that all children like these things.) 分詞短語作伴隨狀語

2. 有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，分詞前可帶when, while, if, though, as if, unless等連詞一起作狀語，以便使句子的意思更清楚、更連貫。例如：

When comparing different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.

Though tired, he still continued reading.

3. 現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作狀語時(shí)的用法比較。

不管是現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞單獨(dú)作狀語，其邏輯主語必須與主句的主語一致。分詞作狀語通常可轉(zhuǎn)換成一個(gè)相應(yīng)的狀語從句或并列句，如果狀語分句或并列句中的謂語動(dòng)詞為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，就用過去分詞;如果狀語分句或并列句中的謂語動(dòng)詞為主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，就用現(xiàn)在分詞。例如：

When compared with the size of the whole earth , the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.

分詞部分相當(dāng)于When the biggest ocean is compared with the size of the whole earth, 主語與分詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以用過去分詞。

When comparing it with the size of the whole earth, we find that the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.

When we compare it with the size of the whole earth... 主語與分詞是主動(dòng)關(guān)系, 所以用現(xiàn)在分詞。

Faced with a bill for$10,000(=Because he is faced with a bill for$10,000), John has taken an extra job.

Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer carelessly, always saying the same thing (= and he would say the same thing).

注意：

1. 現(xiàn)在分詞有兩種時(shí)態(tài)：一般式doing和完成式having done。一般式通常表示與主句的謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或無先后;完成式則強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞所表示的動(dòng)作先于謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作。如：

While walking in the street, we met some friends of ours.(同時(shí)發(fā)生)

Having waited in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. (“等待”先于謂語動(dòng)詞“意識(shí)到”)

2. 分詞的否定式的構(gòu)成: not +分詞。 Not having received a reply, he decided to write again.